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The oldest traces of human occupation in Paris, discovered near ''rue Henri-Farman'' in 2006, are from encampment of hunter-gatherers dating from between 9800 and 7500 BC.〔''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'' (2013), Le Livre de Poche, p. 606〕 Between 250 and 225 BC, the ''Parisii'', a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, settled on the ''Île de la Cité'' and on the banks of the Seine, built bridges and a fort, minted coins, and began to trade with other river settlements in Europe.〔Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', Presses Universitaires de France, 1999, p. 6.〕 In 52 BC, Roman army led by Titus Labienus defeated the Parisii, and established a Gallo-Roman garrison town called Lutetia.〔Schmidt, ''Lutèce, Paris des origines à Clovis'' (2009), pp. 88-104〕 The town was Christianised in the 3rd century AD, and after the collapse of the Roman Empire was occupied by Clovis I, the King of the Franks, who made it his capital in 508. During the Middle Ages, Paris was the largest city in Europe, an important religious and commercial centre, and the birthplace of the Gothic style of architecture. The University of Paris on the Left Bank, organised in the mid-13th century, was one of the first in Europe. It suffered from the Bubonic Plague in the 14th century, and the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, with recurrence of the plague. Between 1418 and 1436, the city was occupied by the Burgundians and English soldiers. In the 16th century, Paris became the book-publishing capital of Europe, though it was shaken by the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Protestants. In the 18th century, it was the centre of the intellectual ferment called the Enlightenment, and the main stage of the French Revolution from 1789 which is remembered every year on the 14th of July with a military parade. In the 19th century, Napoleon I embellished the city with monuments to military glory. It became the European capital of fashion, and the scene of two more revolutions in 1830 and 1848. Under Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1852 and 1870 the centre of Paris was rebuilt with wide new avenues, squares and new parks, and the city was expanded to its present limits in 1860. In the latter part of the century, millions of tourists came to see the Paris International Expositions and the new Eiffel Tower. In the 20th century, Paris suffered bombardment in the first World War and German occupation from 1940 until 1944 in the second World War. Between the two wars, Paris was the capital of modern art and a magnet for intellectuals, writers and artists from around the world. The population reached its historic high of 2.1 million in 1921, but declined for the rest of the century. New museums (The Centre Pompidou, Musée Marmottan Monet and Museé d'Orsay) were opened, and the Louvre given its glass pyramid. In the 21st century, Paris added new museums and a new concert hall, but in 2005 it also experienced violent unrest in the housing projects in the surrounding ''banlieues'' (suburbs), inhabited largely by first and second generation immigrants from France's former colonies in the Maghreb and Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015 the city and the nation were shocked by two deadly terrorist attacks carried out by Islamic extremists. The population of the city declined steadily from 1921 until 2004, due to a decrease in family size and an exodus of the middle class to the suburbs; but it is increasing slowly once again, as young people and immigrants move into the city. ==Prehistoric Paris== In 2006, archaeologists of the ''Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives'' (INRAP) (administered by France's Ministry of Higher Education and Research) digging at n° 62 ''rue Henri-Farman'' in the 15th arrondissement, not far from the left bank of the Seine, discovered the oldest traces (Neolithic and Mesolithic) of human settlement in Paris, an encampment of hunter-gatherers dating to between 9800 and 7500 BC.〔 Other traces of temporary settlements had been found at Bercy in 1991, dating from around 4500–4200 BC.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Paris, Roman City –Chronology )〕 The excavations at Bercy found the fragments of three wooden canoes used by fishermen on the Seine, the oldest dating to 4800-4300 BC. They are now on display at the Carnavalet Museum.〔 (vidéo, radio, audio et publicité - Actualités, archives de la radio et de la télévision en ligne - Archives vidéo et radio ). Ina.fr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.〕〔 (vidéo, radio, audio et publicité - Actualités, archives de la radio et de la télévision en ligne - Archives vidéo et radio ). Ina.fr. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.〕 Excavations at the ''rue Henri-Farman'' site found traces of settlements from the middle Neolithic period (4200-3500 BC); the early Bronze Age (3500-1500 BC); and the first Iron Age (800-500 BC). The archaeologists found ceramics, animal bone fragments, and pieces of polished axes.〔''Dictionnaire historique de Paris'' (2013), Le Livre de Poche, p. 608.〕 Hatchets made in eastern Europe were found at the Neolithic site in Bercy, showing that first Parisians were already trading with settlements in other parts of Europe.〔Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'' (1999), Presses Universitaires de France, p. 6.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Paris」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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